This chapter provides a summary of recommended germination test procedures and dormancy-breaking treatments for seeds of species within more than 70 families which have not been included in the previous chapters. Some caution may be needed when applying this information to diverse germplasm - see the comment on germination test prescriptions in Chapter 17. For several of the families listed here additional guidance on suitable dormancy-breaking treatments is available in Tables 17.1 and 17.2, Chapter 17.
The information in this chapter is not limited to those species showing orthodox seed storage behaviour: germination test procedures are also provided for species which are believed to exhibit recalcitrant seed storage characteristics. This is provided to assist both those handling recalcitrant seeds in short-term storage (moist and warm or cool environments), e.g. when collecting or transporting material, and those wishing to improve our knowledge of the physiology of these seeds with a view to increasing the periods for which they can be conserved. For more information on the recalcitrant seeds see the references listed in Chapter 1, Volume I.
TABLE 76.1 Summary of germination test recommendations for species within families not considered in the previous chapters
|
Species and Authority |
Substrate |
Temperature |
Duration |
Additional directions |
Source |
|
|
|
|
|
ACANTHACEAE |
|
|
Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Thunbergia alata Bojer
|
BP; TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
ACERACEAE |
|
|
|
Acer palmatum Thunb. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer platanoides L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer pseudoplatanus L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer rubrum L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Acer saccharinum L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Acer saccharum Marsh. |
TP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 2m, remove pericarp |
ISTA |
|
Acer spp. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
14d |
excise embryos, or remove pericarp and pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 2m |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 4w, and/or pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
4-24w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
AIZOACEAE |
|
|
|
Dorotheanthus bellidiformus (Burm.f.) N.E. Br.
|
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
35d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Mesembryanthemum criniflorum L. |
|
15°C |
28d |
not sensitive to light |
Atwater |
|
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. |
|
20°C |
21d |
pierce centre of seed |
Atwater |
|
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze |
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
35d |
remove pulp, pre-wash |
ISTA |
|
S |
10°/30°C |
28d |
keep substratum on dry side |
AOSA |
|
|
BP |
15°C |
21d |
remove pulp |
AOSA |
|
|
S |
10°/20°C |
35d |
pre-wash |
Fornerod |
|
|
|
|
|
AMARYLLIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
APOCYNACEAE |
|
|
|
Carissa spp. |
|
|
16d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
23d |
light, maintain good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Vinca minor L.
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
ARALIACEAE |
|
|
|
Brassaia actinophylla Endl. |
|
20°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
Cussonia spicata Thunb. |
|
20°C |
50d |
dormant seeds remain |
Atwater |
|
Dizygotheca elegantissima Vig. & Guill.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
40d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Fatsia japonica Decne. & Planch.
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
ASCLEPIADACEAE |
|
|
|
Asclepias tuberosa L.
|
TP |
10°/30°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
BALSAMINACEAE |
|
|
|
Impatiens balsamina L.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
8d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
25°/35°C; 20°C; 25°C |
10d |
pre-chill, 5°C, 2w, or GA, 50mg/1, or clip |
Atwater |
|
|
Impatiens wallerana Hook.f.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
18d |
light, avoid higher temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, higher temperatures unfavourable |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
BEGONIACEAE |
|
|
|
Begonia evansiana Andr. |
|
29°C |
|
light, 12h/d, 6d |
Atwater |
|
Begonia semperflorens Link & Otto |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Begonia x tuberhybrida Voss |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Begonia spp.
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
fluorescent light, 12h/d, 430 lux |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
BERBERIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Berberis thunbergii DC. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
Berberis vulgaris L. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
Berberis spp. |
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 6-13w |
G&R |
|
Mahonia aquifolium Nutt.
|
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 6-13w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
BOMBACACEAE |
|
|
|
Durio zibethinus Murr.
|
S |
25°-35°C |
35d |
light, continuous |
CHML |
|
|
|
|
BORAGINACEAE |
|
|
|
Amsinickia intermedia |
TP |
20°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Anchusa azurea Mill.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
Anchusa capensis Thunb.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to temperatures above 15°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
Borago officinalis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
10d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
20°C |
10d |
|
Heit |
|
|
Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) Johnston |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
40d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & Drumm. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
light, pre-chill, potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Echium fastuosum Jacq. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
14d |
excise embryos |
Atwater |
|
|
Echium lycopus L. |
|
|
|
excise embryos |
Atwater |
|
Echium plantagineum L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Heliotropium arborescens L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
light, potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Heliotropium spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt |
TP |
20°C |
12d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
Myosotis hybrida Hort. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Myosotis scorpioides L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
12d |
sensitive to drying out in test |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
light, potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
BUXACEAE |
|
|
|
Simmondsia chinensis |
|
26°C |
7d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
CACTACEAE |
|
|
|
Cactaceae |
TP |
20°/30°C |
18d |
light, good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose |
TP |
20°/30°C |
20d |
light, good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Cereus peruvianus Mill. |
|
|
14d |
light |
Riley |
|
Echinocereus engelmanii (Perry ex Engelm.) Ruempl. |
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
fluorescent light, 12h/d |
Atwater |
|
Ferocactus wislizenii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose |
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light, good moisture supply |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Opuntia tuna (L.) Mill. |
|
20°C |
65d |
light, clip seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
CAMPANULACEAE |
|
|
|
Campanula carpatica Jacq. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Campanula fragilis Cyr. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula garganica Ten. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula glomerata L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula lactiflora Bieb. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula medium L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
12d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Campanula persicifolia L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
16d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Campanula portenschlagiana Schult. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula pyramidalis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Campanula rapunculus L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) DC. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CAPPARIDACEAE |
|
|
|
Cleome hasslerana Chodat |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light, potassium nitrate, sensitive to low temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
28d |
clip seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
Cleome pungens Willd. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
CAPRIFOLIACEAE |
|
|
|
Sambucus glauca Nutt. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 16w |
G&R |
|
Sambucus nigra L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 10w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12w |
G&R |
|
Sambucus racemosa L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 10w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12w |
G&R |
|
Sambucus spp. |
|
|
30d |
scarify, abrade with sand, or file or nick seed coat, then pre-chill,
1°-5°C, 90d |
Riley |
|
Symphoricarpos rivularis Suks. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 12-16w, then pre-chill,
1°-5°C, 18-26w |
G&R |
|
Viburnum lantana L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
Viburnum lentago L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
Viburnum opulus L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
Viburnum trilobum Marsh. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, but no satisfactory method for overcoming dormancy |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
CARYOPHYLLACEAE |
|
|
|
Agrostemma githago |
TP |
20°C |
5d |
|
SGCF |
|
Agrostemma spp. |
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
Arenaria serpyllifolia |
TP |
15°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
Cerastium tomentosum L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
14d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
21d |
light |
Atwater |
|
|
Cerastium vulgatum |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
potassium nitrate, pre-chill |
SGCF |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
|
Dianthus x allwoodii Hort. Allwood |
TP |
20°C |
8d |
|
AOSA |
|
Dianthus barbatus L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
8d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus caryophyllus L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
8d |
problem of broken seedlings |
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus chinensis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
problem of broken seedlings |
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus deltoides L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus plumarius L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Dianthus spp. |
|
20°C |
10d |
|
Atwater |
|
Gypsophila elegans Bieb. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
14d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
TP |
15°C |
8d |
if sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Gypsophila elegans Bieb. var carminea |
|
15°C |
14d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
Gypsophila pacifica Kom. |
TP |
15°C |
8d |
sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
Gypsophila paniculata L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
14d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
7d |
light, potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
|
Gypsophila repens L. |
TP; BP |
15°C; 20°C |
14d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
8d |
sensitive to temperatures above 18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Lychnis alba Mill. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
potassium nitrate |
SGCF |
|
TP |
23°/30°C |
|
light, during period at 23°C |
R&S |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
|
Lychnis chalcedonica L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
light |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
light |
M&O |
|
|
Lychnis viscaria L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
Saponaria calabrica Guss. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Saponaria ocymoides L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
|
|
15°C |
21d |
potassium nitrate, 0.2% |
Atwater |
|
|
Saponaria officinalis L. |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
pre-chill, 1w, plus potassium nitrate |
SGCF |
|
|
Saponaria vaccaria L. |
TP |
15°C; 20°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Saponaria vaccaria pyramidata Medic. |
TP |
15°C |
16d |
sensitive to warm temperatures |
AOSA |
|
Silene conoidea |
TP |
20°/30°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Silene cseri |
TP |
20°/30°C; 15°C; 20°C |
|
|
M&O |
|
Silene noctiflora |
TP; S |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
Everson |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
|
SGCF |
|
|
Silene pendula L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Silene spp. |
|
20°C |
10d |
light |
Atwater |
|
Spergula arvensis L. |
TP |
20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Stellaria media |
TP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
potassium nitrate |
SGCF |
|
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert |
TP; BP |
10°C; 15°C |
21d |
light, pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
CASUARINACEAE |
|
|
|
Casuarina spp. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CELASTRACEAE |
|
|
|
Celastrus spp. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10-14d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
Euonymus europaea L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 45d |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 8-12w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
|
CISTACEAE |
|
|
|
Cistus incanus L. |
|
20°C |
21d |
pre-soak, warm water, 24h |
Atwater |
|
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
ISTA |
|
Helianthemum spp. |
|
15°C |
28d |
dormant seeds present |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
CORNACEAE |
|
|
|
Cornus alba L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
Cornus amomum Mill. |
|
|
21d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle, 120d |
Riley |
|
Cornus controversa Hemsl. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8-12w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8-12w |
G&R |
|
Cornus drummondii Mey. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 4-8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
4-8w |
G&R |
|
Cornus florida L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90-120d |
AOSA |
|
TP |
18°-22°C |
10d |
excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
|
Cornus kousa Hance |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
Cornus mas L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 16w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
4-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
21d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle, 120d |
Riley |
|
|
Cornus nuttallii Audubon |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-14w |
G&R |
|
Cornus sanguinea L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8-12w |
G&R |
|
Cornus stolonifera Michx. |
TP |
18°-22°C |
10d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90d, excise embryos |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CORYLACEAE |
|
|
|
Alnus cordata (Lois.) Duby |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus incana (L.) Moench |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus rubra Bong. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Alnus spp. |
|
|
|
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4w |
G&R |
|
Betula papyrigera Marsh. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Betula pendula Roth |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Betula pubescens Ehrh. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Betula spp. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 4w |
G&R |
|
|
Carpinus betulus L. |
S |
20°C |
42d |
warm stratification, 20°C, 1m, then pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
4m |
ISTA |
|
|
15°/25°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 4w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
12-14w |
G&R |
|
|
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. |
|
|
|
warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
8w |
G&R |
|
Corylus americana Marsh. |
|
|
30d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle |
Riley |
|
Corylus avellana L. |
S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
35d |
remove pericarp, pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 2m |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
pre-soak, cold water, 2d, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 12-16w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
30d |
pre-chill/warm stratification, cycle |
Riley |
|
|
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
16-20w |
G&R |
|
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch |
|
20°/30°C |
|
light, 8h/d, warm stratification, 25°C, 8w, then pre-chill, 1°-5°C,
16-20w |
G&R |
|
|
|
|
CRASSULACEAE |
|
|
|
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana von Poellnitz |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°C |
16d |
light, continuous |
AOSA |
|
|
Kalanchoe crenata Haw. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Kalanchoe globulifera Perrier |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Sedum acre L. |
TP |
15°C |
14d |
light, 8h/d or more |
AOSA |
|
Sedum spp. |
|
20°C |
10d |
light |
Atwater |
|
Sempervivum spp. |
TP |
20°C |
14d |
light, 8h/d or more |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
CUPRESSACEAE |
|
|
|
Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 28d |
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach |
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis pisifera Sieb. & Zucc. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis thyoides BSP |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90d |
ISTA |
|
Chamaecyparis spp. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
potassium nitrate |
AOSA |
|
Cupressus arizonica Greene |
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
two tests: with and without pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 21d |
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
light, pre-chill, 20d |
AOSA |
|
|
Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
35d |
|
ISTA |
|
Cupressus sempervirens L. |
TP |
20°C |
28d |
|
ISTA |
|
Juniperus communis L. |
TP; S |
20°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 90d |
ISTA |
|
|
|
60d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
|
Juniperus occidentalis |
|
|
60d |
pre-chill, 1°-5°C, 30-60d |
Riley |
|
Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. |
TP; S |
15°C |
42d |
warm stratification, 20°C, 60d, then, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
40d |
ISTA |
|
Juniperus virginiana L. |
TP; S |
15°C |
28d |
warm stratification, 20°C, 60d, then, pre-chill, 3°-5°C,
45d |
ISTA |
|
Libocedrus decurrens Torr. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pre-chill, 3°-5°C, 30d |
AOSA |
|
Thuja occidentalis L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
light |
AOSA |
|
|
Thuja orientalis L. |
TP |
20°C |
21d |
|