The Leguminosae comprise about 18000 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, trees and climbers within almost 700 genera. The Leguminosae are divided into three tribes, viz: Caesalpinoideae Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae. Although several species within Caesalpinoideae and Mimosoideae provide useful products, the Papilionoideae (also described as Fabaceae, Faboideae, Lotoideae, or Papilionatae) is the most useful tribe to man and provides a very large number of important crop plants. The fruit is a pod, often a legume. Rarely the fruit may be single-seeded. Seed storage behaviour is orthodox.
SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION
With few exceptions, dormancy per se (that is innate or secondary dormancy as defined in Chapter 5, Volume I) is a comparatively slight problem in seed germination tests of Leguminosae accessions. The major problem preventing or delaying germination in such tests is that of hardseededness (see Chapter 4, Volume I).
Because dormancy is not a major problem, the layout of this chapter is slightly different from that of other chapters in this manual. No detailed information is provided for particular genera, with the exception of brief comments on a few genera where dormancy may be a problem in certain test regimes. Instead information on suitable germination test procedures and dormancy-breaking treatments (but see comment below) is summarised in tabular form. It will be seen that the majority of treatments listed as dormancy-breaking treatments are in fact treatments to remove hardseededness. This type of treatment is described in detail in Chapter 7, Volume I.
The structure of the testa (seed coat, see Chapter 3, Volume I) which may render a seed impermeable (hard) differs between the three tribes. Seeds of members of the Papilionoideae have a region of the testa described as the strophiole through which the imbibition of initially hard seeds may occur if treated appropriately - see Chapter 7, Volume I, for more details of testa structure in papilionate legumes. Percussion (shaking) treatments create a gap (the strophiolar cleft) in the impermeable testa through which moisture can enter seeds of species within this tribe. In contrast most authorities consider that seeds of the Caesalpinoideae and the Mimosoideae do not possess a strophiolar region; and accordingly percussion treatments are generally ineffective. In the Caesalpinoideae an initial treatment in absolute alcohol (see Chapter 7, Volume I) can be effective in rendering the seeds permeable, but this treatment is not so effective for seeds of either the Mimosoideae or the Papilionoideae. Finally, filing or chipping the testa is generally effective for seeds of all three tribes.
Thus the treatment which might be applied to render hardseeded accessions permeable may be dependent upon the tribe to which it belongs. For this reason we have divided the summary of germination test procedures and dormancy-breaking treatments in this chapter according to tribe - Caesalpinoideae in Table 43.1, Mimosoideae in Table 43.2, and Papilionoideae in Table 43.3.
A further problem in seed germination tests of the Leguminosae is that of imbition injury (see Chapter 4, Volume I). Imbibition injury is damage caused by very rapid imbibition of water by very dry seeds when they are set to germinate. It can be avoided by humidifying (also described as conditioning) the dry seeds until their moisture content is around 18% or more. A method of humidifying seeds is described in Chapter 7, Volume I. If the seeds are hard a treatment to overcome hardseededness will be required before the humidification treatment. It is expected that a substantial proportion of Leguminosae accessions would benefit from a humidification treatment before the germination test.
For species not listed in Tables 43.1 to 43.3 and for accessions where the information tabulated is inadequate, the algorithm below may be helpful in devising a suitable germination test procedure. Note that the algorithm includes an obligatory treatment to overcome hardseededness and also an optional conditioning (humidification) treatment.
RBG Kew Wakehurst Place algorithm
The regimes tested in the first and second steps of the algorithm are dependent upon the accession's origin. All seeds to be tested for germination are chipped (part of the testa is removed) beforehand.
The first step of the algorithm is to test the chipped seeds of accessions of temperate origin at constant temperatures of 11°C and 16°C with light applied for 12h/d, or to test the chipped seeds of accessions of tropical origin at constant temperatures of 21°C and 26°C with light applied for 12h/d. If an accession's origin is unknown or doubtful then test chipped seeds at all four constant temperature regimes. If the results show a trend of germination with respect to temperature then test at more extreme constant temperatures. For example, if a temperate accession showed significantly greater germination at 11°C than at 16°C then test a further sample of chipped seeds at 6°C.
If the regimes applied in step one have not resulted in full germination then the second step of the algorithm is to test chipped seeds of accessions of temperate origin at an alternating temperature of 23°/9°C (12h/12h) with light applied for 12h/d during the period spent at the upper temperature of each cycle, and to test chipped seeds of accessions of tropical origin at an alternating temperature of 33°/19°C (12h/12h) with light applied for 12h/d during the period spent at the upper temperature of each cycle. If an accession's origin is unknown or doubtful then test chipped seeds in both alternating temperature regimes.
If the second step of the algorithm does not result in full germination then the third step is to condition (humidify) the chipped seeds at 21°C and 100% relative humidity (i.e. over water) for 4d and then test in the temperature regime determined to be most successful from the results of steps one and two.
If the third step of the algorithm does not result in full germination then the fourth step is to experiment with the conditioning treatment by humidifying samples of the chipped seeds for more and less than 4d at 21°C with 100% relative humidity before testing in the temperature regime determined to be most successful from the results of steps one and two.
If full germination has not been promoted, the fifth step of the algorithm is to estimate viability using a tetrazolium test (see Chapter 11, Volume I). Note that chipping and humidification of the seeds prior to this test are likely to be required.
If the result of the tetrazolium test indicates that the failure to achieve full germination is due to the presence of dead seeds and that one of the above regimes promoted the germination of all, or almost all, the viable seeds, then this regime is used for all subsequent germination tests. If, however, the result of the tetrazolium test indicates that dormancy has not been broken by the regimes applied so far in the algorithm, then experiment with modifications to the above regimes. Clues to possible satisfactory dormancy-breaking treatments and promotory germination test environments can be obtained from Tables 43.1 to 43.3 and the next section.
Innate dormancy?
In addition to hardseededness some legume accessions may exhibit innate seed dormancy. A clue as to which species are more likely to exhibit innate seed dormancy can be gained from Tables 43.1 to 43.3: if the additional directions include treatments which will not overcome hardseededness (e.g. pre-chill, or ethephon) then it is likely that some accessions may exhibit innate seed dormancy. The two most important genera in which innate seed dormancy is common are Arachis (groundnut) and Trifolium (clover). Other genera in which innate seed dormancy may be observed include Medicago and Trigonella.
In dormant seeds of Arachis hypogaea L. 100% oxygen in the germination test environment or an after-ripening treatment promote seed germination (11), whereas piercing the seed coat does not (11). Thus the problem of lack of germination in such cases is not hardseededness but dormancy. Of course, however, it is possible for dormant accessions to also be hardseeded (sometimes described as double dormancy, see Chapter 5, Volume I).
In general the lower the temperature of the germination test the less likely is seed dormancy to prevent, or delay germination. For example, in many lots of Trifolium subterraneum L. a greater proportion of dormant seeds germinate at 15°C than at 20°C (7,13) and a greater proportion germinate at 20°C than at 30°C (5). Similarly in several species pre-chill treatments promote the germination of the dormant seeds, e.g. in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (10).
Consequently the first suggestion to promote the germination of dormant legume seeds is to pre-chill (7 or 8d at 3° to 5°C) or test at a comparatively low temperature (10° to 15°C). Whilst the latter suggestion appears to be satisfactory in most cases, e.g. lupin (Lupinus albus L.) (10), there may be some exceptions, e.g. some lots of Trifolium pratense L. (10) and Trifolium subterraneum (13). The use of the algorithm, and in particular step one, would thus be advantageous since a trend of germination with respect to constant temperatures should be apparent from the initial results of step one and gene bank staff can act accordingly (see the algorithm).
A carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere can also promote the germination of dormant legume seeds, e.g. in Trifolium subterraneum L. (1-3,9,13), and Medicago hispida Gaertn., Medicago tribuloides Desr., Trifolium arvense L., Trifolium cherleri L., Trifolium glomeratum L., Trifolium hirtum All. and Trigonella ornithopodoides (L.) DC. (3,6). Promotion of germination is normally observed at concentrations between about 0.3 and 4.5% (by volume) (1,3) with inhibition of germination at CO2 concentrations above about 5 to 10% (1,3). The beneficial effect of carbon dioxide is generally more enhanced the lower the germination test temperature (2,9) and also where the testas have been removed (3). In general treatment with carbon dioxide is more promotory than pre-chilling, e.g. compared with three days at 3°-5°C (6).
Although it is possible to artificially increase carbon dioxide concentration in germination tests, carrying out the tests in sealed or unsealed polyethylene envelopes is generally sufficient to overcome dormancy, e.g. in Trifolium hybridum L., Trifolium pratense L. and Trifolium repens L. (12). Consequently it is suggested that the seeds be tested for germination in this way. Similarly seeds of dormant accessions destined for field sowings can be imbibed in a sealed polyethylene bag for 24 hours prior to sowing out.
Ethylene (applied in various forms) has been shown to promote the germination of dormant seeds of several legumes. For example, in Trifolium subterraneum L. by co-application of 1-100 ppm ethephon (also known as ethrel and as 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid or CEPA) (5), in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. by co-application of 1-100 ppm ethephon (5), and in Arachis hypogaea L. by co-application of 5 x 10-4 M ethephon (8).
Thus co-application of ethephon (use concentrations within the ranges provided above) in germination tests is another satisfactory potential dormancy-breaking treatment. Ethephon has also been successfully applied to promote seed germination in field sowings of Arachis hypogaea L., and the following treatments may be applicable to other species also. In the dry powder method 1 kg of seeds together with 2 g of a combined fungicide/insecticide and 0.02 g of ethephon are shaken in a polyethylene bag or mixed in a drum mixer (4). In the wet method a single layer of seeds is sprayed with a solution of 0.033 M ethephon (4). In both cases the seeds should be sown immediately after the treatment (4). These treatments may be useful when regenerating or multiplying dormant seed accessions of the Leguminosae.
Finally it is worth noting that several other growth regulators may also promote the germination of dormant legume seeds. For example, in Arachis hypogaea L. co-application of either 10-4 M kinetin or 10-4 M benzylaminopurine have resulted in a considerable promotion of germination (8).
References
1. Ballard, L.A.T. (1958). Studies of dormancy in the seeds of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). I. Breaking of dormancy by carbon dioxide and by activated carbon. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 246-260.
2. Ballard, L.A.T. (1961). Studies of dormancy in the seeds of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). II. The interaction of time, temperature, and carbon dioxide during passage out of dormancy. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 14, 173-186.
3. Ballard, L.A.T. (1967). Effect of carbon dioxide on the germination of leguminous seeds. In Physiologie, Okologie und Biochemie der Keimung (ed. H. Borriss), pp. 209-219. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat, Greifswald.
4. Gautreau, J. (1980). A new method of ending groundnut dormancy by using ethephon. Oléagineux, 35, 355.
5. Globerson, D. (1977). Germination and dormancy breaking by ethephon in mature and immature seeds of Medicago truncatula (Medic) and Trifolium subterraneum (Clover). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 29, 43-49.
6. Grant Lipp, A.E. and Ballard, L.A.T. (1959). The breaking of dormancy of some legumes by carbon dioxide. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 10, 495-499.
7. Johnson, M.E.H. and Tattersfield, J.G. (1970). Germination conditions for Trifolium subterraneum L. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 35, 343-347.
8. Ketring, D.L. and Morgan, P.W. (1971). Physiology of oilseeds. II. Dormancy release in Virginia-type peanut seeds by plant growth regulators. Plant Physiology, 47, 488-492.
9. Morley, F.H.W. (1958). The inheritance and ecological significance of seed dormancy in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, II, 261-274.
10. Nakamura, S. (1962). Germination of legume seeds. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 27, 694-709.
11. Sharir, A. (1978). Some factors affecting dormancy breaking in peanut seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 6, 655-660.
12. Thomson, J.R. (1965). Breaking dormancy in germination tests of Trifolium spp. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 30, 905-909.
13. Young, J.A., Kay, B.L. and Evans, R.A. (1970). Germination of cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L. Agronomy Journal, 62, 638-641.
TABLE 43.1 Summary of germination test recommendations for species within the Caesalpinoideae tribe of the Leguminosae
|
Species and Authority |
Substrate |
Temperature |
Duration |
Additional directions |
Source |
|
Ceratonia siliqua L. |
|
|
30d |
scarify, abrade with sand, or file or nick seed coat |
Riley |
|
Cercis canadensis L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
scarify, then pre-chill, 5-8w |
G&R |
|
Cercis siliquastrum L. |
|
20°/30°C |
|
scarify |
G&R |
|
Gleditsia triacanthos L.
|
TP |
20°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 6h, or scarify,
concentrated |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
sulphuric acid, then wash |
|
|
|
BP |
20°C |
21d |
clip, file testa, or scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, 1h |
AOSA |
|
|
Tamarindus Indica L.
|
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TABLE 43.2 Summary of germination test recommendations for species within the Mimosoideae tribe of the Leguminosae
|
Species and Authority |
Substrate |
Temperature |
Duration |
Additional directions |
Source |
|
Acacia spp.
|
TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h, or scarify, |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
concentrated sulphuric acid, 1h, then wash |
|
|
|
Inga paterno |
|
|
21d |
pre-soak, 24h |
Riley |
|
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
|
TP; BP |
25°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
26°C |
28d |
pre-soak, hot water, 80°C, 2-5 min, or 100°C, 2-5s |
Oakes |
|
|
BP |
|
30d |
pre-soak, boiling water, then allow to cool, 20 min |
O&W |
|
|
Mimosa pudica L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
28d |
pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TABLE 43.3 Summary of germination test recommendations for species within the Papilionoideae tribe of the Leguminosae
|
Species and Authority |
Substrate |
Temperature |
Duration |
Additional directions |
Source |
|
Amorpha fruticosa L. |
|
|
|
percussion |
Atwater |
|
Anthyllis vulneraria L. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Arachis hypogaea L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
10d |
remove shells, pre-dry (40°C) |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
10d |
remove shells, or ethephon, or ethylene |
AOSA |
|
|
Astragalus cicer L. |
|
|
|
scarify, mechanical |
Atwater |
|
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. |
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. |
TP |
25°C; 20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Caragana arborescens Lam. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h |
ISTA |
|
Centrosema pubescens Benth.
|
TP |
20°/35°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, 15 min |
Atwater |
|
|
Cicer arietinum L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
8d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
7d |
|
AOSA |
|
|
Colutea istria L. |
|
|
|
percussion, shake 6h, or scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, 30 min |
Atwater |
|
Coronilla varia L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, 30 min |
Atwater |
|
|
Crotalaria intermedia Kotschy.
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Crotalaria juncea L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey.
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Crotalaria mucronata Desv. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Crotalaria pallida Ait. |
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Crotalaria spectabilis Roth
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 30°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Cytisus monspessulanus L. |
|
20°/30°C |
28d |
clip hard seeds |
Atwater |
|
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
scarify, boiling water, concentrated sulphuric acid, or mechanical |
G&R |
|
|
Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urban |
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
Desmodium tortuosum (Sweet) DC. |
BP |
30°C |
28d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
Dolichos lablab L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Dolichos lignosis L. |
|
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
Atwater |
|
Galega officinalis L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
imbibe 10d, then pre-soak, 24h |
ISTA |
|
Glycine javanica L. |
TP |
20°/30°C; 10°/35°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
8d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
8d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid |
Heit |
|
Hedysarum coronarium L. |
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Indigofera hirsuta L. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet |
BP |
20°/30°C |
12d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & J.S. Presl.
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h, or scarify, |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
concentrated sulphuric acid, 1h, then wash |
|
|
|
Laburnum anagyroides Medic.
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h, or scarify, |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
concentrated sulphuric acid, 1h, then wash |
|
|
|
Lathyrus cicera L. |
S |
20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Lathyrus hirsutus L.
|
BP; S |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lathyrus latifolius L.
|
BP; S; TP |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill, pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
30d |
slow to germinate, continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard
seeds have begun to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
21d |
clip hard seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
Lathyrus odoratus L. |
BP; S; TP |
20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
|
20°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
|
Lathyrus sativus L. |
BP; S |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Lathyrus sylvestris L. |
BP |
15°/25°C; 20°C |
28d |
continue test at 15°/25°C for 14d or 20°C for 10d if (reversible)
hard seeds have begun to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Lens culinaris Medic.
|
BP; S |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) Don |
BP; S |
20°/35°C |
21d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Lespedeza hedysaroides (Pall.) Kitagawa
|
BP |
20°/35°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/35°C |
21d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.
|
BP |
20°/35°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/35°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lespedeza striata (Murr.) Hook. & Arn.
|
BP |
20°/35°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/35°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lotononis bainesii Baker |
TP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
|
ISTA |
|
Lotus corniculatus L.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
12d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
12d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley |
|
20°C |
21d |
pre-soak, hot water |
Atwater |
|
Lotus uliginosus Schk.
|
TP; BP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
12d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
12d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lupinus albus L.
|
BP; S |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lupinus angustifolius L.
|
BP; S |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lupinus hartwegii Lindl. |
BP; S; TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, or pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Lupinus hybridus |
BP; S; TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, or pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Lupinus luteus L.
|
BP; S |
20°C |
21d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lupinus nanus Dougl.
|
BP; S; TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, or pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
14d |
clip hard seeds |
Atwater |
|
|
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.
|
BP; S; TP |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
21d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, or pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
30d |
slow to germinate, continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard
seeds have begun to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Lupinus subcarnosus Hook. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
21d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Lupinus succulentus Dougl. |
|
20°C |
50d |
pre-soak, 7h, 100°C, then cool |
Atwater |
|
Lupinus texensis Hook. |
|
20°C |
14d |
clip hard seeds |
Atwater |
|
Lupinus spp. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
18d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urban. |
TP |
25°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
Macroptilium axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc. |
BP |
25°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban |
TP |
25°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
14d |
remove seeds from bur, continue test for a further 5d if (reversible)
hard seeds have begun to imbibe, |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
test at 17°-18°C |
|
|
|
Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois |
TP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Medicago lupulina L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal |
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
or 17°-18°C |
|
|
|
Medicago polymorpha L. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
14d |
remove seeds from bur, continue test for a further 5d if (reversible)
hard seeds have begun to imbibe, |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
test at 17°-18°C |
|
|
|
Medicago rugosa Desr. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Medicago sativa L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Medicago truncatula Gaertn. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Medicago x varia T. Martyn. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
Melilotus alba Medic.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Melilotus indica (L.) All.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.
|
TP; S |
20°/30°C; 32°C |
14d |
cut seed |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.
|
TP; BP; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Ornithopus sativus Brot. |
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) A. Spreng |
|
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
Atwater |
|
Phaseolus angularis (Willd.) W.F. Wight |
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
Phaseolus aureus Roxb. |
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
7d |
|
ISTA |
|
Phaseolus coccineus L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 20°C |
9d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
9d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Phaseolus limensis Macf. |
S |
25°C |
9d |
|
ISTA |
|
Phaseolus lunatus L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
9d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C |
9d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Phaseolus mungo L. |
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C; 20°C |
7d |
|
ISTA |
|
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C; 20°C |
9d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 25°C |
8d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Pisum sativum L. |
BP; S |
20°C |
8d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
ISTA/AOSA |
|
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.
|
BP; S |
20°/30°C; 30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
28d |
scarify with emery paper |
A |
|
|
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
|
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.
|
TP |
25°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
40d |
pre-soak, 26h |
Atwater |
|
|
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
|
TP |
20°/30°C |
14d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h, or scarify,
concentrated sulphuric |
ISTA |
|
|
|
|
acid, then wash |
|
|
|
BP |
20°C |
21d |
clip, file testa, or scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, 1h |
AOSA |
|
|
|
|
|
file or percussion, shake 20 min |
Atwater |
|
|
|
|
|
scarify, boiling water, concentrated sulphuric acid, or mechanical |
G&R |
|
|
Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. |
BP |
20°/30°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe |
AOSA |
|
Sophora spp. |
|
|
|
chip, then pre-soak |
G&R |
|
Spartium junceum L.
|
TP |
20°C |
14d |
pierce, chip or file cotyledon end of testa, then pre-soak, 3h |
ISTA |
|
|
20°C |
21d |
pre-soak |
Atwater |
|
|
Stylosanthes fructicosa
|
TP |
25°C; 30°/25°C; |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
25°-35°/20°C |
|
|
|
|
|
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw.
|
TP |
20°/35°C; 20°/30°C |
10d |
scarify, concentrated sulphuric acid, extend test 7d if hard seeds have
begun to imbibe |
ISTA |
|
TP |
25°C; 30°/20°-25°C; |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
|
35°/20°C |
|
|
|
|
|
Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub.
|
TP |
20°/35°C; 10°/35°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
25°C; 25°-40°/20°C |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
TP |
25°C |
10d |
pre-dry, 75°C, 85°C, 1,2h |
M&M |
|
|
Stylosanthes humilis HBK |
TP |
20°/30°C; 10°/35°C |
5d |
cut seed |
ISTA |
|
TP |
25°C |
14d |
scarify, if necessary scarify again subsequently |
Cameron |
|
|
TP |
25°C |
10d |
pre-dry, 75°C, 85°C, 1,2h |
M&M |
|
|
TP |
25°C; 25°-35°/20°C; |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
|
30°/25°C |
|
|
Ballard |
|
|
TP |
20°/30°C(2h/6h, |
14d |
dehull, scarify |
|
|
|
|
2-6h/18-22h, 18h/6h) |
|
|
|
|
|
TP |
30°C |
3d |
scarify, thiourea, co-applied, 0.1 M, 0.2 M |
B&B |
|
|
(pods) |
TP |
25°C |
10d |
after 7d cut off proximal 1/3rd of ungerminated pods |
Holm |
|
(pods)
|
TP |
10°/35°C(1.5h/4.5h); |
10d |
cut off proximal end of pods |
Butler |
|
|
20°/35°C(16h/8h) |
|
|
|
|
|
Stylosanthes scabra Vog.
|
TP |
20°/35°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
TP |
25°C; 25°-35°/20°C; |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
|
30°/25°C |
|
|
|
|
|
TP |
25°C |
10d |
pre-dry, 75°C, 85°C, 1,2h |
M&M |
|
|
Stylosanthes subsericea
|
TP |
25°C; 35°/25°C; |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
25°-40°/20°C |
|
|
|
|
|
Stylosanthes viscosa Sweet |
TP |
25°C; 30°-35°/25°C; |
14d |
dark, dehull, scarify |
McIvor |
|
|
25°-40°/20°C |
|
|
|
|
|
TP |
25°C |
10d |
pre-dry, 75°C, 85°C, 1,2h |
M&M |
|
|
Tephrosia vogellii Hook, |
|
|
|
presoak, 54°C, 5 min |
Atwater |
|
Trifolium alexandrinum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium campestre Schreber
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium dubium Sibth.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
14d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
14d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium fragiferum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium glomeratum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium hirtum All.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
10d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium hybridum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill, sealed polythene envelope |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium incarnatum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
pre-chill, sealed polythene envelope |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium lappaceum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium pratense L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium repens L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
10d |
pre-chill, sealed polythene envelope |
ISTA |
|
BP; S |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |
|
|
Trifolium resupinatum L.
|
TP; BP |
20°C |
7d |
|
ISTA |
|
BP |
20°C |
7d |
continue test for a further 5d if (reversible) hard seeds have begun
to imbibe, test at 15°C, 17°-18°C |
AOSA |