Southeast Asia

Coconut breeding programme in Indonesia
Coconut breeding programme of the Philippines
Coconut breeding programme in Thailand
Coconut breeding programme of Vietnam

Coconut breeding programme in Indonesia

Novarianto Hengky¹, Tine Rompas¹ and S.N. Darwis²

¹ Head and Scientist of Coconut Breeding Division, RICP, Manado, Indonesia
² Senior Scientist, Central Research Institute for Industrial Crops, Bogor, Indonesia

Coconut is a strategic commodity not only because of its economic value but also in terms of its social and cultural importance in Indonesia. In 1992, the coconut area amounted to 3.4 million ha or one-third of the world's total. About 98% of the total area are predominantly in the hand of small-scale farmers. Such cultivation involved about 3.2 million farm families. Although Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world, the current condition of the national coconut industry is not satisfactory, especially in terms of exports, productivity and farmers' income.

The low productivity of palms was attributed to the following conditions: (1) the existing coconut areas consist of about 53% senile palms (more than 50 years old) of mixed varieties; (2) growth environment, i.e. land and climate are not very suitable; (3) coconut plantations were not managed intensively, with no fertilization; and (4) pests and disease problems. These limiting factors were compounded by the poor physical and chemical properties of the local coconut hybrid meat products (e.g. desiccated coconut) compared with tall varieties.

In this context, the Coconut Breeding Programme under the Research Institute for Coconut and Palme (RICP) was established to solve the coconut problems and lead Indonesia towards coconut industrialization. The programme will survey coconut germplasm resources in several parts of the country, including swampy and drought areas, to identify germplasm for collecting, selection and hybridization. General trials will be conducted to determine and release coconut hybrids with high copra yield, early bearing, suitable for swampy or drought area, resistant to bud rot and nut fall diseases, low input, and good raw material for food and industry products.

Area and production of coconut

The development of coconut area and intensification of production began intensively at the end of the third and fourth Five-year Development National Plan (PELITA III and IV) and during the fifth National Five-year Plan (PELITA V) (Table 1).

As indicated in Table 1, the area of mature coconut increased by 1.84% per year for the period 1983-92. Within the same period, the total area of coconut and copra production also went up by 1.4%, and 2.9% per year, respectively. At the national level, the average yield of coconut for PELITA III (1979-83), PELITA IV (1984-88) and PELITA V (1989-92) were: 0.84, 0.99 and 1.03 t copra/ha/year, respectively. Small coconut farms (about two hectares) were common. It was estimated that net income per hectare of coconut farm was about US$240, assuming the yield of copra per hectare was 1.03 t, and price of copra was US$0.23 per kg. More than 50% of coconut farm was monocultured. On the other hand, the estimated productivity of coconut in a well-managed farm was about 2-3 t and 3-5 t copra/ha/year for tall and hybrid, respectively. Computed net income was about US$ 460-$ 1150 per hectare.

Coconut germplasm

The history of coconut germplasm survey in Indonesia

The research on coconut palms was given considerable attention during the Dutch colonial period. The initial research activity was institutionally conducted in 1911. This involved collection of some coconut ecotypes in surrounding areas of Java.

In 1900, Sexava sp. and Aspidiotus sp. attacked coconut palms in Sangihe Talaud Island (North Sulawesi) and in North Maluku. They caused considerable damaged to coconut. This led Dr P.L.M. Tammes, a Dutch agronomist, and his colleagues to conduct a study on these pests which was the first coconut research activity in Indonesia. In 1926-27, Dr Tammes selected tall coconut population around Mapanget district (North Sulawesi) and collected 100 high yielding palms which were planted at the Mapanget Experimental Garden.

After the Independence of Indonesia (1945), coconut research activities were continued by the Government. In 1956-61, Indonesia invited Diplm. Ing. A. F. Ihne, a German breeder who was an FAO expert, to characterize, select and hybridize the coconut germplasm collected by Dr Tammes.

From 1973 onwards, the staff of the Central Research Institute for Industrial Crops and its regional institutes, conducted several surveys in selected areas of 11 provinces of Indonesia under the guidance of D.V. Liyanage, a UNDP/FAO coconut breeder (Liyanage 1974). The main objectives of the survey were to identify suitable forms of coconut palms to be planted in a seedgarden and to select desirable types for the breeding programme. Collections were planted at the Mapanget Experimental Garden. Surveys are being continued by the staff of the Coconut Research Institute. Some of the recent collections have been planted at the research farm located at Pakuwon, West Java.

In late 1980, the National Germplasm Conservation Commission encouraged the RICP at Manado to intensify their exploration work by providing some financial assistance obtained from the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (the then International Board for Plant Genetic Resources). Until 1987, about 50 accessions from various parts of Indonesia were collected and planted at the Bone-Bone Experimental Garden, South Sulawesi (Novarianto, Rompas and Luntungan 1988).

Present status

At present, the RICP has collected 96 accessions, but 14 accessions are duplication of Mapanget and Pakuwon germplasm. They were planted at three experimental gardens. Some of them have been screened for their potential as parent material in hybridization programmes, especially the collection at Mapanget. The details on accessions collected are given in Table 2.

All collected germplasm has been conserved in field genebanks. This conservation strategy was found to be very expensive, especially the field maintenance. For example, the Bone-Bone experimental garden had initially collected about 50 ecotypes, and 10 years later, the ecotypes increased to 35 (Table 2). In future, the RICP will consider zygotic embryo technology to exchange with an other country. The RICP at Mapanget has set up an in vitro embryo culture laboratory in collaboration with COGENT. Cryopreservation technology is also being considered as a future alternative to conserving the coconut germplasm in the country.

Utilization

Characterization of germplasm accessions had been done intensively at the Mapanget experimental garden as a component activity of the coconut improvement programme in Indonesia. Germplasm characterization included vegetative and generative traits, nut components, oil content of copra, protein content in meat, fatty acid composition in oil and resistance to bud rot and nut fall. About 15 coconut ecotypes were used in the hybridization programme.

Coconut genetic erosion in Indonesia was mainly caused by the replanting and rejuvenation of coconut areas. For these programmes, the Government used mostly coconut hybrid PB121 to cover about 300 000 ha in 1993. Planting of local coconut hybrid KHINA-1 (Nias Yellow Dwarf or GKN × Tenga Tall or DTA) covered about 20 000 ha. The distribution of this hybrid was concentrated in several major coconut producing provinces. Other causes of genetic erosion were crop shifting especially on farm with senile palms, pests and diseases, and in areas with various development projects.

New dwarf and tall ecotypes from local and foreign sources are being introduced to increase the genetic variability in the present collection. Future priorities for collecting and conservation are coconut ecotypes from tidal swampy and drought areas. Utilization of a coconut germplasm depends on its having the following characteristics: high copra yield, early bearing, suitable to swampy or drought areas, resistant to bud rot and nut fall diseases, high yield with low input requirement and good raw material for food and industrial products.

Coconut development in Indonesia

Most of the coconut grown in the country are tall types. About 98% have been cultivated by smallholders and the rest by government and private organizations. For replanting and rejuvenation, farmers usually select seednut from their garden. High yield blocks of tall coconut were selected beginning 1970 to increase the production of copra. Some known coconut ecotypes with high copra yield were Mapanget, Tenga, Bali, Palu, Sawarna, Riau, Igo Daku, and other local tails.

In 1975, the Government introduced coconut hybrid PB 121 from Ivory Coast. PB 121 was distributed to the farmers through the SCDP (Smallholder Coconut Development Project). Every farmer had a 2-ha supervised farm under the SCDP until five years after planting. In 1984, the Government released coconut hybrids KHINA-1 (GKN × Tenga Tall or DTA), KHINA-2 (GKN × Bali Tall or DBI) and KHINA-3 (GKN × Palu Tall or DPU). Tall × Tall hybrids were also released, namely: KB-1 (32 × 32), KB-2 (32 × 2), KB-3 (32 × 83) and KB-4 (32 × 99). These local hybrids, especially KHINA-1, are now planted on a small scale by farmers and private growers.

Dwarf types were not commonly planted in large areas. Nias Yellow Dwarf (GKN) was traditionally used as a female parent in seedgarden. In 1993, GKN was planted in 1856 ha with a production potency of about 16 million seednuts (Table 3).

After 20 years, the coconut hybrids planted have yet to meet expected yield. Harsh environmental factors caused the poor performance of coconut hybrids in terms of yield. It was also found that coconut hybrids required high input. Hence, most farmers disliked planting hybrids and preferred local tall coconut.

Breeding programme

In 1970, the Government paid more attention to coconut replanting and rejuvenation after noting the significant decrease in copra export. Seedlings were produced by mass selection from high yielding blocks of tall coconut.

Indonesia urgently needs large quantities of improved coconut planting materials for its development programmes (Table 4). In the breeding programme, priority was given for mass production of preferred varieties using known technology. Hence, the breeding programme has two components, a short term and a long term programme, with priority given to the farmers' selection. The short term programme is geared to solving the problems currently besetting the coconut industry, especially in producing improved seed. The seednut production of dwarf × tall on a large scale in seedgardens is of utmost importance. The long term programme aims at improving planting material further which is being carried out simultaneously with the short term programme. Basic information and material required for the former are taken from the current germplasm collection.

A survey of coconut germplasm was carried out in selected areas of 11 provinces, i.e. Aceh, North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, Central Java, Bali, Maluku, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and West Kalimantan. The palm populations were studied, fruit samples collected and a number of measurements recorded. The main objectives of the survey were:

a) to identify suitable farm sources of male and female parents for the coconut seedgardens; and
b) to select suitable farms for coconut hybridization.

Out of the coconut samples collected, the first four best populations were selected. They were Nias Yellow Dwarf (GKN) from Nias Island (North Sumatera), Tenga Tall (DTA) from Tenga Village (North Sulawesi), Palu Tall (DPU) from Bangga Village (Central Sulawesi) and Bali Tall (DBI) from Pulukan Estate (Bali island).

The establishment of seedgardens to produce dwarf × tall seed was given high priority. The initial plan was to have three large seedgardens with a total area of 900 ha. The Government directed that there should be eight seedgardens distributed all over the country. Initially, seedgardens were established in three locations, at Paniki (North Sulawesi), Pakuwon (West Java) and Paya Gajah (Aceh), with 100 ha each. Planting materials for seedgardens are being derived from the Nias Yellow Dwarf and three tall types, i.e. Tenga, Bali and Palu (Table 5).

Main productivity problems and breeding objectives and strategies

Main productivity problems

In 1975, the Government had introduced coconut hybrid PB 121 from Port Bouet, Ivory Coast and established demonstration plots in five provinces. Copra production of this hybrid was reported at 5-6 t/ha/year. Until now there are about 300 000 PB 121 in Indonesia. However, production of copra in farmer fields varied due to agropedoclimatic differences, poor management, rubbery coconut meat not suitable for desiccated coconut (Djatmiko 1991), susceptibility to bud rot and nut fall caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Bennett, Roboth and Sitepu 1985); (Warokka and Mangindaan 1992), and drought (Tampake, Kuswara and Davis 1982). Bud rot and nut fall attacks were very serious problems limiting coconut productivity. These diseases were found among the coconut hybrid PB 121 developed by SCDP in six provinces covering an area of 7211 ha (AARD 1993).

This problem was compounded because the only two coconut cultivars currently planted were both susceptible to the diseases. Because of this, the CRI decided to produce more coconut hybrids which have the desired resistance and can adapt to broader conditions.

In March 1991, the Directorate General of Estate Crops conducted a survey of bud rot disease caused by Phytophthora sp. at four main coconut areas in selected West and East provinces. This collaborative survey with the Coconut Division Director of IRHO (Institut de Recherches pour les Huiles of Oléagineux) showed that most standing hybrids have bud rot disease. The degree of infestation for each coconut hybrid and cultivar are given in Table 6.

Hybrid PB 121 and coconut tall WAT were found to be more susceptible to bud rot. Cultivars PYT, RLT, DJP and DBI were more resistant to bud rot. The most resistant coconut hybrid was MYD × PYT. Bud rot was widespread in smallholder farms because they failed to eliminate the disease by not cutting the tree and burning the infested trees. In coconut area with high rainfall, the disease was more noticeable than in coconut area with more than three dry months per year.

In 1984, the Minister of Agriculture released three coconut hybrids of dwarf × tall, namely: KHINA-1 (Nias Yellow Dwarf × Tenga Tall), KHINA-2 (Nias Yellow Dwarf × Bali Tall) and KHINA-3 (Nias Yellow Dwarf × Palu Tall). These three hybrids can produce 4-5 t copra/ha/year. They flower in about three years after planting. At the same time, four tall × tall hybrids namely: KB-1, KB-2, KB-3 and KB-4 which can produce 4-4.5 t copra/ha/year (Balitka 1989) were also released. However, very little of these materials were distributed to the farmers because most of them dislike to replant or rejuvenate using hybrids due to past bad experience with coconut hybrids.

Breeding objectives

The main objective of the coconut breeding programme is to produce planting material on a large scale with the following characteristics:

· High yield of copra
· Early bearing of fruits

· High oil content of copra
· Resistance to bud rot and nut fall diseases
· High yield of copra per unit area with medium input
· Tolerant to tidal swampy area
· Tolerant to drought
· High content of lauric acid in oil
· High content of protein in meat

While in the past there was only one coconut hybrid (PB 121) used, the current breeding programme will develop several coconut hybrids with specific traits. The probability of finding several specific coconut hybrids is high because variability exists in the current germplasm collection. Some of the ecotypes with their specific traits are shown in Table 7. Most of these coconut ecotypes were used as parents in hybridization programmes using as much as possible local accessions because the introduced germplasm have certain adaptation constraints. Nevertheless, the exotic material MYD, MRD, WAT, PYT and RLT have been used in combining ability tests to determine the best parental combination with the local germplasm.

Breeding action and expected output

In the production of new strains, precocity for bearing is a must. The other desired characters as earlier identified, are considered in the hybridization strategy. The ultimate goal is to obtain the desired ideotypes. Currently six crosses are being evaluated - five dwarf × tall and one tall × tall (Table 8). All of these hybrids have been fertilized with medium input or 3 kg urea, TSP and KCl/palm/year.

Institutions involved in coconut breeding

RICP(Research Institute for Coconut and Palmae)
P.O. Box 1004
Manado 95001 (Indonesia)

CECRBK (Centre for Estate Crops Research Bandar Kuala)
P.O. Box 16 Galang-Sumut
Medan (Indonesia)

NGCC (National Germplasm Conservation Commission)
PUSLITBANG BIOLOGI LIPI
JL. Ir. Juanda 18
Bogor (Indonesia)

Funding agencies

· APBN (Government Budget of Indonesia)
· ARMP (Agricultural Management Project) from World Bank
· IPGRI/COGENT

· Germplasm exchange with other coconut growing countries
· Establishment of 1200 ha genebank at Riau province

To increase the productivity of coconut palms, the Government of Indonesia had introduced coconut hybrids, besides high yielding tall coconut, for replanting and rejuvenation. However, production of copra from these hybrids had been lower than expected. One or two hybrid cultivars used were found to be disastrous because of varied agropedoclimate in Indonesia.

The RICP at Manado had collected 87 accessions from Indonesia and overseas. The evaluation of germplasm characteristics was a component activity of the coconut improvement programme in Indonesia. Selection and hybridization are continuously being conducted to produce several coconut hybrids which are high yielding and early bearing, with high oil content of copra, resistant to bud rot and nut fall diseases, low input requirement, tolerant to tidal swampy area and drought, and high content of lauric acid in oil and protein in meat.

References

AARD. 1993. Penelitian dan pengembangan perkelapaan di Indonesia. Pp. 1-10 in Kumpulan Bahan KNK III. Departemen Pertanian. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Balai Penelitian Kelapan, Manado.

Balitka. 1989. Coconut hybrids. DOK 018/1/1989. Research Institute for Coconut. Manado, Indonesia.

Bennett, CPA., O. Roboth and G. Sitepu. 1985. Aspect of the control of premature nutfall disease of coconut, Cocos nucifera L. caused by Phythopthora palmivora (Butler). Pp. 157-175 in Seminar Proteksi Proteksi Tanaman Kelapa. Bogor.

Djatmiko B.1991. Karakterisasi daging buah beberapa kultivar kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.). Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa. 5(1):12-16.

Liyanage, D.V. 1974. Survey of coconut germplasm in Indonesia. Document No. 1, LPTI, Bogor.

Novarianto, H., T. Rompas and H.T. Luntungan. 1988. Coconut genetic resources and improvement in Indonesia. FAO/RAS/80/032 project, Chumphon, Thailand.

Tampake, H., T. Kuswara and T.A. Davis. 1982. Coconut germplasm survey of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province: The initial step towards producing drought resistance in coconut strains. Ind. Agric. Dev. Journal 4 (2): 52-61.

Warokka, J.S. and H.F. Mangindaan. 1992. Penyakit busuk pucuk dan kerugian yang diakibatkannya. Buletin Balitka 16:48-51.

Table 1. Coconut area and production in Indonesia during the third, fourth, and fifth National Five-Year Plan

Year	Area (ha)			Total area (ha)	Copra prod'n (t)	Average copra prod'n (t/ha)
	Immature	Mature	Senile/ damage palms
The end of PELITA III
1983	884 915	1 922 659	205939	3 013 513	1 607 638	0.84
The end of PELITA IV
1988	873 183	2 121 660	230645	3 225 488	2 098 544	0.99
PELITA V
1989	869 960	2 170 005	221624	3 261 589	2 221 357	1.02
1990	904 016	2 261 563	228243	3 393 822	2 331 570	1.03
1991	905 525	2 267 876	221273	3 394 674	2 337 203	1.03
1992	917 622	2 275 122	221054	3 413 798	2 342 167	1.04
MEAN
1983-1992	+0.94%	1.84%	-0.38%	+1.37%	+2.89%

Table 2. Coconut accessions collection at three locations

Location/number/ecotypes	Code	Origin	Date of planting	Surviving trees
Mapanget (North Sulawesi)
Dwarf Types
1 Nias Yellow Dwarf	GKN	North Sumatera	Feb. 1977	78
2 Bali Yellow Dwarf	GKB	Bali Island	Feb. 1977	54
3 Nias Green Dwarf	GHN	North Sumatera	Nov. 1978	66
4 Jombang Green Dwarf	GHJ	East Java	Nov. 1978	57
5 Tebing Tinggi Dwarf	GTT	North Sumatera	Dec. 1979	49
6 Malayan Red Dwarf	MRD	Malaysia	May 1980	27
7 Raja Dwarf	GRA	Maluku	Aug. 1980	44
8 Sagerat Orange Dwarf	GOS	Maluku	May 1987	24
9 Salak Dwarf	GSK	South Sulawesi	Feb. 1988	46
Tall Types
10 Mapanget Tall	DMT	North Sulawesi	1927/27	50
11 Takome Tall	DTE	Maluku	May 1977	60
12 Bali Tall	DBI	Bali Island	Nov. 1987	59
13 Jepara Tall	DJP	Central Java	Nov. 1987	60
14 Paslaten Tall	DPN	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1987	84
15 Tenga Tall	DTA	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1987	88
16 Banyuwangi Tall	DBG	East Java	Jan. 1979	48
17 Sawama Tall	DSA	West Java	Aug. 1980	48
18 Mapanget 83 Tall	DMT83	North Sulawesi	May 1981	38
19 Mapanget 32 Tall	DMT32	North Sulawesi	Jul. 1981	40
20 Lubuk Pakam Tall	DLP	West Sulawesi	May 1981	62
21 Aetembaga Tall	DAG	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	37
22 llo-llo Tall	DM	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	46
23 Pungkol Tall	DPL	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	53
24 Tontalete Tall	DTT	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	42
25 Kinabuhutan Tall	DKN	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	55
26 Talise Tall	DMW	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	21
27 Marinson Tall	DMW	North Sulawesi	Nov. 1981	36
28 Sea Tall	DSE	North Sulawesi	Jan. 1982	46
29 Kalasey Tall	DKY	North Sulawesi	Jan. 1982	49
30 Wusa Tall	DWS	North Sulawesi	Jan. 1982	52
31 Palu Tall	DPU	Central Sulawesi	Nov. 1982	53
32 Pandu Tall	DPA	North Sulawesi	May 1983	46
33 Mapanget 99 Tall	DMT99	North Sulawesi	May 1983	49
34 Mapanget 55 Tall	DMT55	North Sulawesi	May 1983	44
35 Mapanget 2 Tall	DMT2	North Sulawesi	May 1983	42
36 Igo Daku Tall	DID	Maluku	May 1983	125
37 Igo Bulan Tall	DIB	Maluku	May 1983	125
38 Rennel Tall	RLT	Solomon	May 1983	125
39 West African Tall	WAT	Ivory Coast	May 1983	125
40 Tahiti Tall	PYT	Polynesia	Jun. 1983	125
41 Riau Tall	DRU	Riau
Pakuwon (West Java)
Dwarf Types
1 Nias Yellow Dwarf	GKN	North Sumatera	Feb. 1977	61
2 Bali Yellow Dwarf	GKB	Bali Island	Feb. 1977	59
3 Jombang Yellow Dwarf	GKJ	East Java	Nov. 1978	19
4 Jombang Green Dwarf	GHJ	East Java	Nov. 1978	12
5 Nias Green Dwarf	GHN	North Sumatera	Nov. 1978	64
6 Malaysia Yellow Dwarf	MYD	Malaysia	May 1980	62
7 Raja Dwarf	GRA	Maluku	Aug. 1980	78
8 Salak Dwarf	GSK	South Sulawesi	Feb. 1988	73
Tall Types
9 Boyolali Tall	DBY	Central Java	Nov. 1978	32
10 Banyuwangi Tall	DBG	East Java	Nov. 1978	28
11 Jepara Tall	DJP	Central Java	Nov. 1978	19
12 Paslaten Tall	DPN	North Sulawesi	Apr. 1979	68
13 Bali Tall	DBI	Bali Island	Apr. 1979	66
14 Tenga Tall	DTA	North Sulawesi	Apr. 1979	71
15 Beji Tall	DPU	Central Sulawesi	Apr. 1979	59
16 Lubuk Pakam Tall	DLP	West Sumatera	Oct. 1979	47
17 Sawarna Tall	DSA	West Java	Mar. 1980	118
18 Kar-kar Tall	KKT	Papua New Guinea	Mar. 1980	98
19 Markham Valley Tall	MVT	Papua New Guinea	Mar. 1980	130
20 Pangandaran Tall	DPR	West Java	Aug. 1986	76
Bone-Bone (South Sulawesi)
1 K.T.M. Jawa Tall		East Kalimantan	Jan. 1984	64
2 K.T.2. Samboja Tall		East Kalimantan	Jan. 1984	70
3 Kalbar I/1 Tall		West Kalimantan	Jan. 1984	73
4 Kalbar II/1 Tall		West Kalimantan	Jan. 1984	86
5 Kalbar III/1 Tall		West Kalimantan	Jan. 1984	68
6 Batu Kapal Tall		North Sulawesi	Jan. 1984	84
7 Noid II/A Tall		North Sulawesi	Jan. 1984	58
8 Noid II/B Tall		North Sulawesi	Jan. 1984	51
9 Noid II/C Tall		North Sulawesi	Jan. 1984	13
10 Poigar Budidaya Tall		North Sulawesi	Jan. 1984	92
11 Mogdale II/1 Tall		East Nusa Tenggara	Jan. 1984	6
12 Oebafok II/2 Tall		East Nusa Tenggara	Jan. 1984	24
13 Oebafok II/3 Tall		East Nusa Tenggara	Jan. 1984	5
14 Boa II/4 Tall		East Nusa Tenggara	Jan. 1984	58
15 Boa II/5 Tall		East Nusa Tenggara	Jan. 1984	7
16 Silian III/A Tall		North Sulawesi	Jan. 1984	13
17 Silian III/B Tall		North Sulawesi	Feb. 1984	72
18 Silian III/C Tall		North Sulawesi	Feb. 1984	44
19 Inobonto IV/A Tall		North Sulawesi	Feb. 1984	64
20 Inobonto IV/B Tall		North Sulawesi	Feb. 1984	47
21 Lolak V/A Tall		North Sulawesi	Feb. 1984	78
22 Inobonto IV/C Tall		North Sulawesi	Feb. 1984	2
23 Blok I Samuda CWC Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	66
24 Blok II Samuda CWC Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	47
25 Blok III Samuda CWC Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	141
26 Blok IV Samuda CWC Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	79
27 KM II Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	4
28 Bulan Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	22
29 Bawang Tall		Central Kalimantan	Oct. 1984	2
30 Sumbar I Tall		West Sumatera	Jan. 1986	89
31 Sumbar II Tall		West Sumatera	Jan. 1986	69
32 Sumbar III Tall		West Sumatera	Jan. 1986	55
33 Luwu I Tall		South Sulawesi	Feb. 1987	80
34 Luwu II Tall		South Sulawesi	Feb. 1987	3
35 Polmas Tall		South Sulawesi	May 1987	61

Table 3. Sources and production potency of coconut hybrid seednut, 1993

Source: Muldjodihardjo (1993)

Source: Muldjodihardjo (1993)

Population	Husked Wt. (g)	Nut CV (%)	Endosperm			Ratio (%)
			Wt. (g)	CV (%)	Thickness	Nut/Fruit	Endos/Nut
Nias Yellow Dwarf (GKN)	796	13.0	342	9.8	11.3	59.5	43.0
Tenga Tall (DTA)	1 209	15.3	538	13.5	12.8	65.6	44.5
Bali Tall (DBI)	1 567	16.8	644	14.1	12.2	78.2	41.1
Palu Tall (DPU)	1385	13.1	619	12.7	74.4	74.4	44.7

Table 6. Bud rot attack of Phytophthora on coconut hybrids and cultivars

Source: Directorate General of Estate (1992)

No.	Main characteristic of interest	Ecotypes	Code	Origin	Note
1.	High yield of copra	- Mapanget tall	DMT	North Sulawesi	4.5 t/copra/ha/yr
		- Tenga tall	DTA	North Sulawesi	3.5 t/copra/ha/yr
		- Bali tall	DBI	Bali Island	3.5 t/copra/ha/yr
		- Palu tall	DPU	Central Sulawesi	3.5 t/copra/ha/yr
2.	Early bearing	- Salak dwarf	GSK	South Kalimantan	16.5 mos. after germination
		- Sawarna tall	DSA	West Java	3.5 yrs after planting
3.	High oil content of copra	- Sagerat Orange D	GSO	Maluku	67.0%
		- Paslaten tall	DPN	North Sulawesi	67.5%
		- Mapaanget tall	DMT	North Sulawesi	68.0%
		- Pandu tall	DPD	North Sulawesi	67.0%
4.	Tolerant to tidal swampy area	- Riau tall	DRU	Riau
5.	Tolerant to drought	- Mogdale tall	DME	NTT
		- Oebafok tall	DOK	NTT
		- Boa tall	DBO	NTT
6.	Resistant to bud and nut rot	- Raja dwarf	GRA	Maluku
		- Nias Green dwarf	GHN	North Sumatera
		- Salak dwarf	GSK	South Sulawesi
7.	High yield of copra with low input	- Mapanget tall		North Sulawesi	3.5 t/copra/ha/yr
		No. 1668	DMT-1668
		No. 1709	DMT-1709
8.	High content of lauric acid on oil	- Lubuk Pakam tall	DLP	West Sumatera	40.40%
		- Jepara tall	DJP	Central Java	42.50%
		- Banyuwangi tall	DBG	East Java	42.10%
		- Pungkol tall	DPL	North Sulawesi	42.10%
9.	High content of protein in meat	- Sea tall	DSE	North Sulawesi	4.55%
		- Pungkol tall	DPL	North Sulawesi	4.28%
		- Tontalete tall	DTT	North Sulawesi	4.51%
		- Marinsow tall	DMW	North Sulawesi	4.20%

Table 8. Matrix of six crossing of selected coconut ecotypes in general trials

No. Crosses		Planting	Expected F1	Tentative Result
1. DWARF × TALL		Jan. 1988	high yield of copra substitution	Copra Production (t)
				5 years	6 years	7 years	8 years
-GKN × DTA (KHINA-1)			material for food product	1.01	1.30	2.80	2.80
- GKN × WAT (PB 121)				1.06	1.50	2.90	2.56
- GKN × DTE				0.51	0.90	3.20	2.80
- GKB × DTE				1.26	2.20	2.50	3.34
- GKB × DMT